Integration of energy flow modelling in life cycle assessment of electric vehicle battery repurposing: Evaluation of multi-use cases and comparison of circular business models

• Development of a 2-step LCA framework for LIB repurposing in circular economy. Application to case study on real-world battery storage project at industrial scale. Integrating energy flow modelling enables assessment different use cases. Climate change benefits multi-use are 10-22% lower than single-use Results compared alternative business model options LIB. In their efforts implement economy (CE) lithium-ion batteries (LIB) electric vehicles, automotive manufacturers need take into account the perspective consumers when assessing environmental life cycle (LCA). response this issue, presents novel framework, which allows assess cases an system and interpret results CE context. The firstly uses enable combining applications Secondly, it includes comparison with models is applied manufacturer, seeking combinations behind-the-meter production site Germany. As key outcome, reveal that from consumer, climate 10–22% single applications. Furthermore, identified as most beneficial option available LIB, taking additional recycling resulting delay end-of-life. Based these findings, contributes application decision-making highlights pitfalls potentials sustainable implementation future.